正在接受治疗的癌症患者的营养计划

以下是一些有助于缓解恶心的食物:

• 奶油小麦, oatmeal and cold cereal
• 汤
• 冷三明治
• 白软干酪
• 水煮蛋
• 普通意大利面，米饭，面条和土豆泥
• 烤面包，咸饼干，天然薯片或椒盐脆饼
• Canned fruit, 苹果酱 and Jell-O
• Custard and pudding
• Sherbet, 冰棒 and frozen fruit bars
• Soda, juice and herbal tea
• Low-fat protein sources such as skinned chicken or tofu that is baked or broiled, not fried
• 桃子或其他柔软、口味温和的水果和蔬菜
• 清澈的液体，如苹果汁和蔓越莓汁, 低盐肉汤和不含咖啡因的碳酸饮料
• 茶，如姜和薄荷，温热或冷

呕吐

呕吐可能在恶心之后，由治疗或食物气味引起. 如果呕吐严重或持续超过一两天，请联系十大赌博平台排行榜. 想象和放松练习可能会有所帮助.

以下是一些帮助缓解呕吐的建议:

• 在呕吐得到控制之前不要吃或喝任何东西.
• 尝试少量的透明液体，如水或肉汤, apple or cranberry juice, fruit ices without fruit pieces, 姜汁汽水或七喜, plain gelatin desserts, 冰棒, sports drinks such as Gatorade, vegetable broth and teas.
• Begin with 1 teaspoon every 10 minutes, 逐渐增加量至每20分钟1汤匙. 然后试着每30分钟吃两汤匙，或者在你能忍受的范围内.
• Once you're tolerating these liquids, 试着吃些清淡的食物，比如土豆泥, 大米, 浓的水果, 冰沙, 水果饮料, 酸奶, 加牛奶的谷物(如果你消化牛奶有问题，也可以加大豆).
• 当你感觉好一点的时候，多喝多吃富含钾和镁的食物. Potassium-rich products include bananas, potatoes, orange juice, tomatoes and apricots. 富含镁的食物包括菠菜、豆类、坚果、种子和全谷物.

便秘

化疗、某些药物或缺乏锻炼都可能导致便秘. Adding more fiber to your diet may help.

以下是一些在饮食中添加纤维并缓解便秘的简单方法:

• 包括高纤维食物，如芸豆, 鹰嘴豆, 小扁豆, 新鲜水果、蔬菜和干果——在你的饮食中. Aim to include some fiber in each meal.
• 以麸皮谷物或碎小麦开始你的一天, 或者用全谷物制成的食物，比如碾碎肉或小麦浆果. 目标是每份至少含有5克纤维的麦片.
• 在热谷物和酸奶中加入未经加工的麦麸.
• 如果你不习惯吃大量的纤维, slowly increase your intake, as you may initially have increased flatulence (gas) until your body gets used to more fiber.
• 减少吃豆子引起的肠胃胀气, 煮豆子之前先把豆子泡在水里，然后把水倒掉.
• 喝大量的液体——每天八到十杯. 高纤维饮食需要大量的液体才能有效地工作.
• Reduce your caffeine intake. 咖啡因可能会导致你失去水分，从而促进便秘.
• Drink a hot, non-caffeinated beverage such as lemon water in the morning when you wake up.
• Add exercise to your daily routine. Check with your doctor first.

以下是一些有助于缓解便秘的食物:

• 全麦面包，意大利面，麸皮谷物
• Cooked beans, peas and 小扁豆
• Raw fruits and vegetables
• 干果
• Prune juice and hot lemon water

腹泻

腹泻 can have many causes, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy to the lower abdomen, 吸收不良(从食物中吸收营养有问题), or use of antibiotics. It can also develop because of intolerance to 牛奶 or difficulty with absorbing fats.

If you have 腹泻:

• 喝大量的室温液体有助于防止脱水. These might include water, teas, Gatorade, ginger ale, peach or apricot nectar or fruit juices. Limit caffeinated beverages.
• 让碳酸饮料失去气泡，或者在喝之前搅拌一下.
• Consume more potassium-rich foods such as orange juice, tomato juice, bananas and potatoes.
• 试试BRAT饮食，它由香蕉、米饭、苹果酱和吐司组成.
• Try frequent, small meals.
• Avoid fried, greasy foods. 只能忍受辛辣或高度调味的食物吗.
• 少吃高纤维食物，如全谷物、麸皮谷物和蔬菜.
• 尝试用燕麦粉或精制面粉做的面包，不含种子或坚果.
• 避免吃生蔬菜、果皮、种子和未削皮水果的纤维.
• 如果你有乳糖不耐症，那就少吃乳制品. 不要喝普通的牛奶，试试乳酸酸奶或牛奶，或者豆奶.
• 暂时不要吃牛奶、冰淇淋和布丁，因为它们会让你的胃不舒服. 酸奶, 冰冻果子露, cheese and custard may be tolerated since these foods contain smaller amounts of lactose.
• Try taking probiotics, l-glutamine, and/or digestive enzymes to see if they improve your symptoms. Discuss the use of these supplements with a dietitian first to determine if these products are appropriate and which brands you may wish to try.
• 不要再吃高纤维食物了, fruits and vegetables until the 腹泻 stops (and check with your dietitian and doctor first).

如果你因为腹泻而体重下降, it may be due to dehydration, 这意味着你的身体没有足够的水分. Speak with your health professional to try to determine the cause of the weight loss and obtain the proper treatment.

以下是一些有助于缓解腹泻的食物:

• 奶油小麦，燕麦片，普通大米和玉米谷物
• Canned fruits, nectars and 苹果酱
• 白米饭、意大利面和去皮土豆
• Sandwiches on white bread
• 汤 without cream
• Cheese and crackers
• Graham crackers and peanut butter
• 鸡蛋
• Jell-O and 冰棒
• Soda and herbal tea
• 像Ensure、Resource、Sustacal、PediaSure和Boost这样的营养饮料

食欲不振

Problems such as pain, 恶心想吐, 呕吐, 腹泻 or a sore or dry mouth may make eating difficult and lead you to lose interest in eating. 抑郁、压力和焦虑也可能导致食欲不振.

If you don't feel motivated to eat, here are some suggestions to help ensure you are getting the nutrition that you need:

• 每天吃三顿少餐和三顿零食. 按照时钟吃饭，而不是根据你的饥饿感——例如，在早上9点吃饭.m.中午和下午6点.m.
• Choose high-calorie foods, 比如牛油果, 坚果, 种子, 布丁, 煮熟的谷物, 干果和蔬菜蘸鹰嘴豆泥或用橄榄油制作. Use additional olive oil in salads.
• Snack between meals. Choose fruit 冰沙, high-calorie 布丁, 摇, 高热量和蛋白质饮料补充剂, 三明治, 牛油果和坚果. Also, keep snacks by your bedside.
• Plan for special circumstances. 如果你必须错过或延迟吃饭检查或治疗, bring a snack of 坚果, dried fruit or cheese and crackers. 询问你的营养师这些食物是否适合你的医疗饮食.
• Plan your daily menu in advance. Make a shopping list of your favorite foods and beverages and have the food available. You may want to portion out snacks and keep them in the refrigerator in Ziploc bags so that they are readily available.
• Request help in preparing your meals. 朋友和亲戚通常很乐意帮忙准备饭菜. 你是重要的——当你需要帮助的时候寻求帮助, 最好是在你预料到你需要它之前.
• 固定几份你最喜欢的食物并冷冻它们. This can make it easier to decide what to eat when your appetite is poor or you do not feel like cooking.
• Make food visually appealing. 吸引眼球往往是吃东西的第一步. 诱人的颜色和装饰，如欧芹, 柠檬片, 橄榄和圣女果有助于提振食欲.
• Appeal to your sense of smell. Tap into the sense of well-being that smells can stimulate, such as the smell of fresh bread baking. If, 然而, 你发现你在这个时候被气味淹没了, stay away from the kitchen, and have someone else prepare your food.
• Make your mealtimes pleasant. 用餐时的氛围对鼓励进食很重要. Set the table, perhaps with candles. 只要有可能，和家人或朋友一起吃饭.
• Try 牛奶摇 or supplements, 比如“确保”或“康乃馨速溶早餐”, when you do not feel like eating.

If you find it difficult to cook due to radiation therapy or chemotherapy side effects, consider calling organizations such as 开放项目 or 送餐上门. 这些组织为癌症患者提供营养食品, delivering meals directly to your house.

口腔溃疡，咀嚼或吞咽困难

口腔和喉咙的疼痛和压痛是癌症治疗的常见症状. 如果你的吞咽困难很严重, you may need to work with a dietitian or swallowing therapist or consider alternative methods of feeding. 如果是小问题，以下建议可能会有所帮助:

• 经常吃小餐和零食，以确保你获得足够的卡路里. Choose cool, smooth and bland foods. Soft solids and liquids work best.
• 把食物切成一口大小的碎片或磨碎，这样就不需要咀嚼了.
• 选择软的食物或可以煮到变软的食物，比如土豆泥, 甜土豆, winter squashes (butternut and acorn), 胡萝卜, 苹果酱, ground beef or turkey and tofu.
• 食用液体补充剂，如ProSure, 确保+, Boost Plus或奶昔可以在你的搅拌机里制作.
• 考虑用搅拌器把家人吃的食物打成泥. When adding liquid to process the foods, 记得加入高热量的液体，比如肉汁, 牛奶, soy 牛奶 or broth – instead of water.
• 用餐时喝大量有营养的液体.
• 是冒险的. 尝试新的酱汁，肉汁，或不同的油的食物，使吞咽更容易.
• Try apple, cranberry or grape juices or 水果饮料 if you are sensitive to citrus juices.
• 在手边准备一些婴儿食品，这样既快捷又美味.
• 试着用吸管喝液体，或者按照吞咽治疗师的建议.
• 避免辛辣、咸和酸性的食物和饮料.

Here are some suggested foods to help with mouth sores, chewing or swallowing difficulties:

• Nectars and apple juice
• Canned fruit and 苹果酱
• 奶油小麦
• 土豆汤、鸡肉汤面和米粥
• Custard, 布丁, yogurt and Jell-O
• Popsicles, ice cream and 冰冻果子露
• 奶昔和康乃馨速溶早餐
• 像Ensure、Resource、Sustacal、PediaSure和Boost这样的营养饮料

Taste and smell changes

• Avoid red meats if they taste metallic. 多吃鸡肉、火鸡、奶制品和砂锅菜.
• If foods have less taste, try tart foods such as yogurt, lemon or orange Jell-O, or lemonade.
• 如果食物尝起来或闻起来怪怪的，试试冷的或室温的食物.
• 尝试腌制或辛辣的食物，如墨西哥卷饼, 香草鸡肉或意大利面，如果你不恶心的话, 呕吐 or mouth sores.
• 在两餐之间用硬糖来带走不好的味道.
• Maintain good oral hygiene.

For more information, visit our 营养和应对癌症症状 页面.